1 Samuel 21:13

Authorized King James Version

And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down upon his beard.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וַיְשַׁנּ֤וֹ
And he changed
to fold, i.e., duplicate (literally or figuratively); by implication, to transmute (transitive or intransitive)
#2
אֶת
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#3
טַעְמוֹ֙
his behaviour
properly, a taste, i.e., (figuratively) perception; by implication, intelligence; transitively, a mandate
#4
בְּעֵ֣ינֵיהֶ֔ם
before
an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)
#5
וַיִּתְהֹלֵ֖ל
them and feigned himself mad
to be clear (orig. of sound, but usually of color); to shine; hence, to make a show, to boast; and thus to be (clamorously) foolish; to rave; causativ
#6
בְּיָדָ֑ם
in their hands
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
#7
וַיְתָו֙
and scrabbled
to mark out, i.e., (primitive) scratch or (definite) imprint
#8
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#9
דַּלְת֣וֹת
on the doors
something swinging, i.e., the valve of a door
#10
הַשַּׁ֔עַר
of the gate
an opening, i.e., door or gate
#11
וַיּ֥וֹרֶד
fall down
to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary, the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); cau
#12
רִיר֖וֹ
and let his spittle
saliva; by resemblance, broth
#13
אֶל
near, with or among; often in general, to
#14
זְקָנֽוֹ׃
upon his beard
the beard (as indicating age)

Analysis

Within the broader context of 1 Samuel, this passage highlights salvation through universal language and absolute statements. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of 1 Samuel.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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